The Philosophy Of Education Is Closely Modeled By Jerome...

My philosophy of education is closely modeled by Jerome Bruner’s Constructivism theory. Constructivism theory allows students to choose and convert information, and build hypothesis before making decisions (Bruner, 1960). The model focuses on the construction of learning. Students will pull knowledge created from individual experiences, past knowledge, and values. Personally this gives me the opportunity to encourage students with challenges through learning, discover, and values at the student’s level. I will provide students the chance to interact socially with peers allowing each student to build confidence of their own learning ability. My approach will allow students to feel my dedication through reshaping my approaches so that all†¦show more content†¦Education is fun and exciting, it’s a form of learning that student will carry through adulthood. I believing in teaching student by encouraging them to share their thoughts and participate (Smith, 19 89). Students will be aware how to solve personal and social problems by using facts. Facts will be developed through conflict resolution. Students will be faced with challenges there whole life they need to learn good communication skills, real listening, and searching for solutions. Francis Bacon once said â€Å"knowledge is power†. Students will be equipped for success through the knowledge that the educator will help them discover. I believe a proper foundation lead by a teacher will give students an opportunity to strive and learn students will build confidence to carry later in adulthood. Each student can encounter unique experiences of learning in my classroom. In order for this experience to benefit each student, I the teacher must have a complete understanding of how and why profession in developing young minds is vital to a successful learning experience. Educators should consider teaching a life style, teachers develop minds and mold memory’s the impact on a student can be lifelong. Educators are sharpening and educating young minds to become future leaders, educators should facilitate growth academically, ethically and

Job Requirements For Operation Manager - 1557 Words

Introduction Employment interview become an interactive and integral part of recruitment process that help companies and individuals to meet and choose the right person, right place. This report aimed at identify the interview structure and appraisal issues and analyse job requirements for operation manager in the case of Ateam Fashion Ltd, a leader in fashion designing and customizing fields. Besides, the key performance indicators for this position will be assessed to create the framework and guidance to improve their performance. Operation manager recruitment description Ateam Fashion Ltd, a leading merchandising fashion company in Australia that design and customize business costumes, casual clothes and accessories for adult and children. We currently have 90 stores in all states. Due to business growth, we are seeking an experienced Operation Manager to participate in Head Office in Sydney CBD. The Operation Manager shall be responsible for managing all areas of operations and finance in Ateam Fashion Ltd, from organising all planning and scheduling, on time delivery, product finish and QA, import and logistics, raw material management through to sales fulfilment. Performance standards for operation manager: KPIs Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are used by managers and leaders as essential navigation measures to recognize the possibility and degree of success because the appropriate use of these indicators assist in identify the areas that should be considered inShow MoreRelatedBUS 303 FINAL PAPER1146 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Job descriptions are a vital part of recruiting and managing employees. These written summaries of jobs ensure that applicants and current employees have clear understanding of their roles and what is expected of them in order to be held accountable. 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A structured job analysis presents an opportunity for anRead MoreThe Responsibilities Involved With The Project Management1371 Words   |  6 Pages[Click here to add keywords.] University of Houston Clear Lake A project is basically an assignment which has a definitive start and end times. It is a task undertaken to create a product or a service. Every project usually performs a unique set of operations which is performed by a team of resources to accomplish the goal. This team consists of people who usual perform different roles and carry different responsibilities. In most of the cases, these people work in different geographical location, inRead MoreSweet Bee Bakeshop1385 Words   |  6 Pagesspend a small amount since the business already has a name in the place. The manager of Sweet Bee Bakeshop I chose Sta. Maria, whose people are mostly engaged in farming and are eventually having a high demand for bread. They consume bread at breakfast and snack. They consider bread a substitute of rice in time of hunger especially when they are in a hungry in going to their farm. With this situation the manager wants to know if it is feasible to put a branch in the area. Accordingly, the researchersRead MoreHuman Resource Requirements : Human Resources895 Words   |  4 Pagesare analysed to determine human resources requirements. Human Resource: Human resource is one of the most important components of any business entity. Managing the human resource is becoming one of the most difficult challenges for the organisations all across the world. To make sure organisations have full strength in the term of human resource â€Å"Human Resource Plans† become the integral part of management planning process. Determining the kind of requirement of human resources for any business entityRead MoreQuick Facts: Top Executives. 2015 Median Pay. $102,690949 Words   |  4 PagesOn-the-job Training None Number of Jobs, 2014 2,467,500 Job Outlook, 2014-24 6% (As fast as average) Employment Change, 2014-24 147,000 Pay The median annual wage for chief executives was $175,110 in May 2015. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $68,600, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $187,200. The median annual wage for general and operations managers was $97

Rizal and the World at the Time Free Essays

Jose Mercado â€Å"Rizal† lived in a time that had quite the background. Globally, slaves were getting freed, powers were rising, powers were declining. Locally, it was more oppression and religious brainwashing than progression. We will write a custom essay sample on Rizal and the World at the Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now How could these events influence Rizal? Of course, being an individual of high intellect, how could he not? You have to imagine what Rizal could see and learn around him at that time. He was one of the few who were that of a well-to-do family. This meant that he could attend school and receive education. He read books when he wanted, he learned history and philosophy, and many others that when combined with a brilliant mind, could see things more objectively without being clouded by passion. If he could take an objective stand on situations and yet as reflected in his works, be passionate about them, then that means that his passion is backed up by something objective. The whole world was entering a time that respected the rights of the human being. Slaves were being freed and because of this, a lot of human rights laws were being made. At the same time, the world’s powers were expanding and decreasing at the same time. Locally, news of oppression spread. These things give you a good idea why Rizal took his stand against the rebellion as he did. The oppression around him was definitely not acceptable in the eyes of Rizal because human rights were being spread around the world by the intellectuals of North America and backed up by the actions of Russia. But Rizal knew that the Philippines definitely cannot hold itself as a country yet. He’s a smart guy and with that he probably looked up the history of war and what was needed to have strength as a country. If one were to look at the circumstances of the country with just the country in your sights, you would have taken the route of a Katipunero and decided to wage war against the oppressors. Rizal didn’t. Why? This is because he had the circumstances of the whole world to back up his ideals. He was influenced by the events globally and not just locally. He was an intellectual who was influenced by the works during and before his time. He thought of the welfare of the country in the long run and not just the shortest way out. It’s too bad he had to die as he did. He definitely would have come up with a revolution that would have put the Philippines in a better state than it is now. How to cite Rizal and the World at the Time, Essay examples

Proper Etiquette in the Business setting Essay Example For Students

Proper Etiquette in the Business setting Essay Proper EtiquetteAmerica is an image driven country. Management is aware of how they and their employees represent that image on behalf of the company. An employees value to will be largely determined by how successful they are at projecting that image. Business etiquette is concerned with correct behavior and practices according to social convention. In the social realm, there are certain amount of etiquette that needs to be followed when dealing with business partners, co-workers and vendors. This is something that is a must any successful business. Because the office phone is one of the most commonly used pieces o office equipment and the main source of communication between an organization and its customers, it is imperative that you use proper business etiquette.A few tips when answering the office phone; always answer in three rings or less, answer with your name and the name of the company, make business call during regular office hours, and return calls in 24 hours or less. In addition, when using cell phones and pagers, always put them on vibrate so that it will not disturb others in your work area. Emails have become the main source of communication for most organizations today. Know that how you use your e-mail, company e-mail address and employers technology is a serious issue! Sending non-business related e-mails, jokes, forwards or chain letters on company time to friends or coworkers reflects on your lack of professionalism. Be careful who you cc (carbon copy) do not broadcast your every thought to all persons in yo ur organization.When forging new business relationships and solidifying established partnerships, the level of professionalism and courtesy you relay in your business e-mail communications will always gain clients over the competition. Many companies have gone with the idea of shared workspaces. In most situations, it is because of economical reasons. Showing consideration to colleagues in an open plan office will only work if you all adopt a mutual respect for each other. Keep your desk tidy. This is especially important if you are sharing an open plan desk and show courtesy when using any shared spaces. Be careful when having conversations. Dont speak too loudly in shared workspaces. Remembering that not everybody will share exactly the same values as you, adopt a policy of treating people how youd like to be treated yourself. This is an essential benchmark to ensure a harmonious workspace. At first thought, when you hear the term business attire it seems fairly simple. The thoughts of business attire are far from simple. Business attire can be broken down into three very different categories: business formal, business professional, and business casual. Business formal attire is more than your everyday work attire. This category is used for dressy evening events such as awards ceremonies and formal dinners. Men should wear a dark suit with a French cut shirt and silk tie or bowtie. Cufflinks and silk pocket squares that coordinate with the tie are optional accessories. The shoes should be black and also coordinate with the overall appearance of the outfit. Women should wear a conservative dress or suit with a skirt. Women must take care in choosing a dress or suit that conservatively fits his/her body and style. Business professional is considered attire that sets you aside as a professional. For men and women this means a well coordinated suit and accessories. Suits sh ould be a solid or pinstripe dark color complimented with a solid or striped white shirt. Ties are to be silk with a solid color or simple design. All suits should be accompanied by a belt; with a simple buckle; or suspenders. Women should have a simple skirted suit. These suits should be solid, neutral, and low key in color. No matter whether a dress or skirted suits, it should reach at or just below the knee. The accompanying blouse should be simple cotton or silk. The color of the blouse should be a solid color that coordinates with the suit. Makeup and perfume should be very light and subtle. Lastly shoes should be plain, solid and dark in color. Business Casual attire simply means you do not have to wear a suit to work.For some men and women this could mean a polo shirt, collared shirt, or sweater and khaki pants. For others this could mean you have an opportunity to add a splash of color or wear a casual suit to the office. This is not a time for you to wear lounging clothes t o work. Hand in hand with attire comes the subject of grooming. Grooming practices are extremely important no matter what the attire that accompanies it. Avoid all mistakes when it comes to the area of grooming. The most well thought out and well planned attire can be destroyed by lack of grooming. All clothing should be cleaned, pressed, zipped, closed and not frayed or falling apart. Due to the possible allergies of colleagues and clients keep perfume and cologne at a minimum level. Makeup and jewelry should be subtle and discreet. Fingernails should be kept cut and clean. No matter what your status is in life your appearance should matter. Appearance not only includes the clothing you wear but also your physical wellbeing. As you shop for your career life keep in mind the type of job you have, the company you represent and your core values. John Steinbeck: Experiencing the Dust Bowl EssayTo notify the waiter that you are finish eating, place your knife and fork diagonally across the plate. The person who invites the guest should pay the bill. Not only is it courteous to allow your guest to order first, it can also be used as a signal to your waiter. The signal can be given by clearly telling the waiter, please allow my guest to order first. Here are some general rules for proper dining etiquette: Do not place your elbows on the table. Often say please and thank you. Do not start eating until everyone at the table has been served. If you must leave during the meal, leave the napkin on the chair. Try to avoid sending food back to eliminate you as coming off as pretentious or insulting your host. If you must reciprocate with an invitation, choose a restaurant of similar quality. Do not underestimate the value of the need to know proper business dining. It is about being professional not being perfect. Todays success strategy is by way of entertaining. More and more business is conducted over the dining table. It is essential that you, as the business professional, feel confident in all dining situations because it can make or break your career. In the social realm, there is a certain amount of etiquette that needs to be followed when dealing with business partners, co-workers and vendors. It is essential that in the business world, it remain professional and not have too much of a crossover into the social world. However; when promoting cordiality the mix should remain more social than business. The three main things that need attention are thank-you notes, gift giving and office parties. A thank-you note is something simple and nice to send to someone who has given you a gift, invited you to dinner, or you have closed a major deal. There are rules in sending thank-you notes they are as follows:1.Notes should always be hand written; this makes it more personal and shows your gratitude. Dont use pre-printed or fill-in-the-blank thank you cards. Thats narrowly better than not sending a note at all. 2.Notes must be sent within 24 hours of the event or receiving the gift. 3.The note should be brief, personal and simple. 4.The note should be organized into three parts:a.Thank the person for the specific gift or eventb.If there is any other business state it nextc.State if necessary if you intend to meet again, or if any information will be sent at a later time. 5.Dont include fewer than three sentences in any note. 6.Dont talk about yourself. This is about the gift, not your life. Gift giving is another area of being cordial. Gift-giving can be tricky and there are rules that should be followed in the business world. A gift should not cost more than $25, they should be in taste and reflect the personality of the receiver. In an office setting it is not necessary to give everyone a gift unless you just want to however; some may feel that you dislike them or if they know that some have received gifts and other have not. Perfumes and colognes are personal and should be avoided at all costs. Christmas parties generally come each and every year. It is expected that everyone attend the party even if its just for a half-hour. Of course there are rules that apply in this situation as well they are as follows:1.Dress appropriately; there is nothing worse than being labeled as the woman with the low cut dress, too high split, or too short of a dress. If its a man wear a tie, or at least a dress shirt. Polos, jeans, khakis are not appropriate attire. 2.If alcohol is being served, watch how much you drink. Do not embarrass yourself by being so drunk that everyone has videotaped you being the office idiot who cannot hold their liquor. Please maintain some type of self-respect. 3.Do not under any circumstances flirt with any co-workers, supervisors or your boss. This is considered to be in very poor taste. 4.If there are accounts or situations that are confidential within the company keep it that way. Just because you are at a social gathering does not mean you get to gossip about business dealings or whose work is not up to par. 5.Keep in minds that if you are a supervisor then maintain that same repertoire; becoming too familiar with those who work under you can cause issues later on. 6.Since it is a party, have fun. There will be time for business on Monday, when you all return to work. Keeping a careful eye on all of the rules and making sure they are followed are essential to surviving in the business world. In order to have a successful reputable business using proper etiquette is a must. Spectators observe not only your etiquette skills but how you interact with all levels of people, in all situations. Reference PageDrafke, M. (2009). The Human Side of Organizations. (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River,New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. http://www.worketiquette.co.ukwww.netmanners.comhttp://smallbizbee.com/index/2010/03/12/4-tips-practicing-proper-videoconferencing/http://www.thank-you-note-samples.com/http://www.emilypost.com/communication-and-technology/notes-and-letters/99-thank-you-notes-to-send-or-not-to-sendhttp://www.businessmanagementdaily.com

Thelma and Louise An Analysis of the Movie

Bertie Ahern Essay Essays

Bertie Ahern Essay Essays Bertie Ahern Essay Essay Bertie Ahern Essay Essay Bertie Ahern is present Prime Minister. or Taoiseach. of Ireland. heading the Irish authorities since 1997. Ahern is a outstanding solon of European stature with great political acumen and wisdom that has helped him to successfully pull off a potentially volatile alliance of multiple parties and many independent campaigners. Ahern has an celebrated political calling where he served as curate of Labor and Minister of Finance in the authoritiess of Charles Haughey and Albert Reynolds. Ahern’s electioneering accomplishments and party direction capablenesss have been universally praised. being a outstanding factor in his rise to the highest place in Irish authorities. Political Baptism Born in 1951. Bertie Ahern was good groomed politically since his younger yearss due to an intensely political environment at his place. His male parent had fought in Irish War of Independence and the Civil War and Bertie closely observed the events. deriving important apprehension of the complexness and challenges of Irish political system. Although professionally Ahern took the occupation of accountant. but his political disposition was obviously manifest when he joined Fianna Fail in 1968. at a immature age of 17. In the run for Fianna Fail in 1969 general elections. Ahern was spotted by senior party leader Charles Hughey. who was much impressed by the youngster’s electioneering abilities. political manoeuvres. capacity of resource direction and glare for political logistics. The first creditable grounds of Ahern’s electioneering glare was registered in his ain landslide win in 1977 in his really first attempt for elective office. His party had besides scored a big win in the Irish parliament and although immature and inexperienced by age. Ahern developed a close association with Hughey. who had become a loyalist of politician and one of the strongest rivals for the station of Prime Minister. Ahern was recognized for his endowments by being appointed as Assistant-Government Chief Whip. The disruptive political conditions of Ireland saw it confronting election both in the twelvemonth 1981 and 1982. Ahern was successful in increasing his ain triumph border each clip. while his polling for the party. his handling of party-men and his abilities in mobilising them did non neglect to affect senior party leaders. Fianna Fail lost the elections of 1982 and had to sit in resistance boulder clay 1987. a clip that saw Ahern’s increasing influence and growing as a seasoned party adult male and political leader. Ahern was appointed party’s interpreter and got elected as Mayor of Dublin. In 1987 Ahern’s electioneering abilities were one time once more on show when he campaigned along with Hughey. Reynolds. and MacSharry and Fianna Fail returned to power. Ahern worked closely in developing the party pronunciamento that would appeal to largest figure of electorates. Finally Charles Hughey became Taoiseach and Ahern was given the cabinet station for labour. His dialogue accomplishments coruscated in this capacity every bit good when he became instrumental in presenting assorted trade related reforms. join forcesing with trade brotherhoods. and making the consensus for national economic understanding. Ireland saw another election in 1989. where Fail party lost several seats and lost its fringy lead in the parliament. To organize the authorities Fail had to come in into a alliance with other parties. a measure that many party-men profoundly resented and opposed. However. Charles Hughey knew that in the capacity of Ahern he had a genuinely talented negotiant and run director with abilities correct the complex political equation and assist his party signifier the authorities once more.

The Debilitating Effect of Hierarchical Structures on Those With and Essay

The Debilitating Effect of Hierarchical Structures on Those With and Without Power Then and Now - Essay Example In various forms, hierarchy gives rise to leaders or a handful of principal individuals in a group, which naturally occurs from interactions. Magee and Galinsky (3) discuss the definition and behavior of a hierarchical structure: Resources are unequally distributed across individuals and groups, and positions and roles are granted different amounts of sources of power, which are conferred upon the individuals who occupy them. Like both human and non-human primate societies more generally, most, if not all, organizations have a stratified structure, a pyramid shape with fewer people at the top than at the bottom. Even when one considers the heterogeneity of organizational forms and organizational practices and cultures that are intended to dodge or suppress hierarchy, what is most noticeable is that hierarchy relentlessly rises up against these pressures. Most importantly, hierarchy is a naturally-forming phenomenon that is always present in various forms across all societies in the w orld. It inescapably develops between and within groups even when some organizations reduce the effect of its structure by adopting alternative models of shaping an organization (Leavitt 42). Social hierarchy in organizations is defined as â€Å"an implicit or explicit rank order of individuals or groups with respect to a valued social dimension† (Magee and Galinsky 5). ... 930). Hierarchies create power and control to individuals of the higher rank that hold greater ability, skills and motivation to complete certain tasks within a group. In formal hierarchy, the differentiated structure is constant but passive since changing the assembly of ranks is difficult and borderline unreasonable. On the other hand, the organizational structure in informal hierarchy is weak and conditional because the hierarchical differentiation is only done on short interaction based on stereotype-based expectations (Magee and Galinsky 7). Over the years, hierarchical structures faded and developed a debilitating effect to those members of groups and organizations that possess power and to those who lack one. This gradual weakening of hierarchy will be discussed by exploring the literary pieces, â€Å"The Use of Force† by William Carlos William, â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† by Robert Hayden, and â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke. William Car los William’s famous short story, â€Å"The Use of Force† presents the application of physical superiority of a person with power to others who have none. In the story, a doctor is shown to diagnose a sick child whom they suspect of having the deadly disease diphtheria. The doctor needed to get a throat culture in the mouth of the child in order to examine the cause of the illness correctly, however the stubbornness of the child and the passive authority of the parents made the process harder to execute. The doctor appeared to be compassionate at first, addressing an open mind to the expressed fear of the child in being examined, and at the reluctance of the parents to accommodate a stranger like him into their home. But as the child becomes more

Calmodulin Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Calmodulin - Article Example Calmodulin possesses a very important function of stimulating the functioning of different enzymes as well as the mediation of ion channels. The activity of calmodulin is only brought about by the attachment of four calcium ions. This attachment brings about a change in the structure of calmodulin and makes it capable of performing its functions. The withdrawal of calcium ions from calmodulin restores it to its inactive state. The different enzymes that work after being activated by calmodulin include adenylyl cyclase, calcium magnesium ATPase, nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylase kinase, calcium dependent protein kinases and calcium phospholipid dependent protein kinase. It also possesses the function of acting on certain receptors like NMDA-type glutamate receptor as well as on ion movement pathways which include L-type calcium channels. Calmodulin also has an effect on other cellular mechanisms. The contractility of smooth muscle is one such function. In cells that are non-contrac ting, calmodulin has an effect on the motile activity of the cells and other processes like mitosis. The wide ranges of functions that can be performed by calmodulin clearly explain the importance of this protein in the living organisms. Its malfunctioning can result in hampering the activity of many enzymes, ion pathways and affect other regulatory processes (Champe et al 2005; Murray et al

How effective was the German U boat campaign of the First World War Essay

How effective was the German U boat campaign of the First World War - Essay Example However, as technology became more advanced, it also hindered the abilities of this submarine, as countries developed more sophisticated tools of war. The U-Boats were unique and diverse, and belonged to different categories. These played the major role for Germany in the First World War. Their capabilities lasted up to the beginning of the Second World War. This was after Germany’s enemies developed their own different ways of combating the U-Boats (Sondhaus 2011). This paper focuses on the roles the U-Boat campaign played in the First World War, its effectiveness, and ultimate failure. During the First World War, the submarine was seen as the main weapon in the war. The Germany U-Boat was the greatest challenge to the British maritime security during this war. In September 1914, a U-Boat sank three old British cruisers. In the month of October, the same year, a U-Boat again sank a state-of-the-art battleship. Subsequently, more British and French warships were sunk by the U- Boats in the following years. In May 1915, the HMS Triumph was equally sunk, among others. In December of the same year, U-Boat 38 facilitated the sinking of the P&O passenger liner SS Persia. While Britain and France used warships, Germany’s U-Boat campaign was a more effective strategy in the war (Williamson 2013). During the First World War, Germany and Britain used naval blockades to ensure that no ship from one country got access to the other country. Initially, the British succeeded at this, as their surface fleet could intercept Germany-bound ships. This case compelled Germany to utilise the U-Boats. In 1915, Germany adopted an unrestricted submarine warfare strategy. Since Britain relied on foodstuffs and weapons from Canada and America, which were transported across the Atlantic Ocean, Germany thought that this strategy could make British surrender from the war. Therefore, Germany was involved in the indiscriminate sinking of all ships, even those belonging to neutra l states. By use of the U-Boat, Germany succeeded in sinking numerous ships, risking the fact that it could add more enemies, apart from Britain and France (Herwig 1998). In May 1015, the U-Boat U-20, led to the sinking of the passenger liner Lusitania, leading to many deaths. Of the passengers on board, were 128 Americans, and 1,170 more passengers. This outraged America, which was neutral in the war during this period. THE U-Boats conducted further sinking of ships, and this resulted in a poor relationship between Germany and America. However, Germany decided to end the unrestrictive strategy in September 1915. This had already cause havoc to the affected countries, as the U-Boat campaign was effective in this. The U-Boat campaign of Germany managed to sink 750,000 tons of enemy’s shipping. However, this did not devastate the economy of Britain (Sheffield 2011). When Germany returned their unrestricted war strategy in September 1916, more havoc was done by the U-Boats. Duri ng this period, Germany invested in more manufacturing of U-Boats at a high speed. This led the U-Boat campaign to accomplish another sinking of 250,000 tons within the duration of a few weeks only. This led to the development of more tension between Germany and its rivals. Germany did not care if America, which was neutral, would be compelled to join the war (Sheffield 2011). In 1916, France and Britain defeated the Germany army. This led to Germany to conduct a few changes in

Carbonic Anhydrase: Structure, Mechanisms and Functions

Carbonic Anhydrase: Structure, Mechanisms and Functions INTRODUCTION Carbonic anhydrase, abbreviated as CA, is the first identified zinc containing enzyme, (CA; carbonate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.1) It is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration and dehydration of carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid, bicarbonate ions and protons. Being one of the fastest enzyme known, it is believed that one molecule of CA can process one million molecules of carbon dioxide  per second. The basic molecular structure of CA includes specific amino acid threonine 199, glutamate 106, histidine 64 and histidine residues namely His 93, His 95, and His 118. The mode of regulation of CA is being inhibited by various medically prescribed substances that act as non competitive inhibitors, an example is Acetazolamide. CA plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body thus, Mutation of this enzyme may lead to several diseases.(1) CARBONIC ANYHYDRASE THE START: Breathing, a fundamental function in life The air that we breathe in has some valuable oxygen, an important molecule wherein it helps the breakdown of fats and sugars in our cells. From the blood, oxygen diffuses then binds with the hemoglobin to be transported in the cells of our body. A by product of sugar and fat breakdown in cells is called Carbon dioxide CO2). It is a key metabolite in all living organism and it needs to be removed from our body. Carbon dioxide is diffuse out of the cells and transported in the blood in different ways to get to the lungs. CA is transported in numerous forms, mainly as bicarbonate, HCO3-. Bicarbonate is a CO2- with an attached OH group. When the HCO3- reaches the lungs, it is transformed back to a CO2, so it can be exhaled from the body. The conversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide facilitates its transport into the cell; while the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate assists trap the carbon dioxide in the cell. This interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate develop at a slow physiological pH hence organism tend to produces an enzyme to hasten the process. This enzyme responsible for the speed up interconversion, which can be found in the red blood cells, is called carbonic anhydrase. Although the interconversion of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide can happen without the enzyme, CA can great increase the rate of the conversions up to a millions of fold. (2) STRUCTURE The CA molecule in general has ellipsoidal shape with the estimated dimension 4.1 x 4.1 x 4.7 nm. The active site is situated in a cavity having an approximately conical shape. The cavity is assessed 1.5 m wide at the way in and about 1.6 nm deep attaining almost the center of the molecule. The zinc ion is next to the peak of the cone and liganded into 3 imidazole groups. Taken as a whole, the CA is composed of 10-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet enclosed with various elements of other secondary structure. The 6 alpha-helices and 10-beta sheets make up the secondary structure of carbonic anhydrase. The basic function of CA is basically to regulate the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the blood that is needed in a human body. As the function suggests, the chemical structure of CA extremely lies with the presence of zinc that lies deep within its active site. Its common amino acid composition includes threonine, glutamate and histidine. The specificity of these 3 amino acids (threonine 199, glutamate 106, and histidine 64) plays a critical role in relation to the presence of zinc by charging it with a hydroxyl ion. The zinc cation is associated with three histidine residue protein backbone namely: His93, His95, and His118. As stated, zinc plays a major role in the reaction of CA. The zinc present in the active side of CA is being bound to water to be able to dissociate it into a proton and hydroxyl ion. The hydroxyl ion is being stabilized by the positively charged zinc, in this way; the hydroxyl ion is being prepared to attack the carbon dioxide inside the RBC. A closer look with CA can be seen in the figure below where the amino acid chains in the active site together with the zinc are evident. The role of the zinc basically includes the command of directional transfer of the bound hydroxyl to the carbon dioxide to be able to form bicarbonate ion. From the figure, it shows that the intermediate structure where the bicarbonate ion is still attached to the enzyme. The alanine replicated the side chain for amino acid 199 in this arrangement. Histidine 64 swings in the direction of and away from the zinc ion in every cycle of enzyme action although it is helping the zinc to recharge with a novel hydroxyl ion. The two locations of this residue, revealed in the bottom right figure, symbolize its movement throughout the action of enzyme. Almost immediately as the zinc is reloaded with an original water molecule together with the release of bicarbonate ion, the enzyme is set for another action on some new carbon dioxide molecule. (3) MECHANISM OF CATALYSIS The rate of catalysis of the CA is exceedingly pH dependent. It means that, the higher the pH, the catalysis is faster and as the pH reduces, the speed of the reaction falls down. The mean pH of this transition is near pH 7. (5) Figure 2.0 shows the mechanism of CA catalysis. A zinc atom which is generally bound to four or more ligands differs in CA. In CA, three locations are engaged by the imidazole rings of three histidine residues and an additional site is occupied by a water molecule. Thus the geometry form of the active site is tetrahedral. The zinc atom plays an important role in the mechanism of CA catalysis because it is responsible for the release of a proton H+ from a water molecule, which then generates a nucleophilic hydroxide ion. Then carbon dioxide substrate attaches to the enzymes active site and is situated to react with the hydroxide ion. The zinc-bound OH-  attacks the carbon of CO2  therefore converting it into a bicarbonate ion. This occurs since the zinc ion has the +2 charge, which attracts the oxygen of water. It then deprotonates the water, thus, converting it into a better nucleophile so that the newly converted hydroxyl ion can attack the carbon dioxide. After the nucleophilic attack of zinc bound OH-, addition of water molecule displaces the bicarbonate ion from the metal ion. The CA is then ready for another cycle of catalysis. (7) KINETICS OF REACTIONS CA inhibitors are class of pharmaceuticals that control the activity of carbonic anhydrase. It is inhibited by two classes of compounds, a metal complex forming anions and others are isosteres and sulfonamides. Inhibitors ionize upon binding with the enzyme to give way an NH- group that relocates the zinc hydroxide ions and shares a hydrogen bond. There are roughly 25 clinically used CA inhibitors as a drugs. It is mainly established as antiglaucoma drugs, diuretics, hypotensive agents, anticonvulsants, anticancer agents, antiepileptics, with additional use in the management of duodenal and gastric ulcers, osteoporosis and neurological disorder. (8) Acetazolamide Methazolamide Dorzolamide Topiramate Figure 3. Illustrations of some CA inhibitors (9) Figure 3.0 shows some CA inhibitors like Acetozolamide which acts as a mild diuretic. It cures glaucoma, altitude sickness, and some benign intracranial hypertension. Methazolamide treats glaucoma present in dogs which is called Open-angle glaucoma. While Topiramate which is a weak inhibitor, alleviate epilepsy, lennox gastuat syndrome and migraine headaches. And another CA inhibitor is the, Dorzolamide or sulphonamide which treat ocular hypertension or open-angele glaucoma. (10) CA activator regulates the proton transfer processes between the active site and the solvent system. It also binds at the entrance of the enzyme of the active site. One of the strong activator of CA is Histidine. Some amines and amino acids like l-Trp (tryptophan), l-Phe (Phenylalanine),  d-DOPA (D- 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine),  l-Tyr (Tyrosine), 4-amino-l-Phe also works as activators of CA. These CA activators are potentially target for drug development that can be useful as a derivative for the enhancement of synaptic efficacy which can be able to treat various conditions like, depression, alzheimers disease, ageing, spatial learning and memory therapy enhancer. (11) MODE OF REGULATION: Acetazolamide Inhibitor In case of excessive contents of CA in blood and peripheral areas of the lungs, proper regulation and inhibition is needed. Acetazolamide is a non competitive inhibitor that is effective in giving control with the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. This chemical complex substance is medically used o treat different conditions of moderate up to severe metabolic or respiratory alkalosis. Alkalosis may happen if excess CA is being reacted with the bicarbonate and carbon dioxide ions in the RBC, causing extreme absorption of bicarbonate thus giving the erythrocyte more basicity rather than having enough and sufficient pH level. Acetazolamide action is explained by interfering with bicarbonate (HCO3-) reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby giving enough acidity in the RBC, and further results to alkalinizing the urine. The action of inhibition results further to decreased synthesis of aqueous humor of the eye and causes the lowering of intraocular pressure. The interaction of Acetazolamide with CA does not occur with the active site, only close or remote to the active site. The net effect of this inhibitor basically changes the shape of CA that obviously leads to the inability of the substrate to bind properly, results to no catalytic reaction. (12) CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Carbonic Anhydrase is found in numerous places in the body, including in the cerebro-spinal fluid, cytosol of some cells and mainly in the red blood cells. Since CA generates and utilizes protons and bicarbonate ions, it plays a major key role in the fluid balance and regulatory of pH in different parts of the body. Absence or mutation of the CA enzyme may lead to several diseases.  Also, CA inhibitor contributes to several treatments of diseases. One of the linked diseases of CA is the Osteopetrosis with cerebral calcification and renal acidosis. It is a syndrome deficient with CA in the body commonly called as Marble brain disease. This happens because sulfonamide inhibitor of CA can produce metabolic acidosis and have shown that CA inhibitors blocks the parathyroid hormone-induced the release of calcium bone which causes bone resorption. And since CA is present in the brain and CA inhibitors inhibits the production of cerebral spinal fluid, mutation of CA lead to cerebral calcification. Other disease associated with the deficiency of specific type of CAIII is the Myastenia gravis. It is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that results to a weak muscle of a person. Defects in CA IV can cause retinitis pigmentosa, a degeneration of retinal photoreceptor, which a patient experiences night vision blindness and loss of midperipheral visual. (13) Glaucoma, a condition wherein a build up of fluid in the eyes occurs and this presses the optic nerve that caused damage, is treated with the use of CA inhibitors like acetazolamide, brinzolamide, dorzolamide, and methazolamide. These inhibitors lessen the amount of fluid in the eye rapidly by 40% to 60% thus lowering the pressure inside the eye of a person with glaucoma. It now lessens the risk of optic nerve damage which promote vision loss. But prolong use of this drug affects the same enzyme in the tissue and may lead to kidney and liver damage The CA also plays an important role in the secretion of acid through the catalyzed hydration of excreted CO2 in the stomach lining which is mainly responsible in digestion of food. It helps to make pancreatic juice alkaline and our saliva neutral. In summary, CA performs different role and functions at their specific locations. (14)

Peter Voulkos Ceramist Essay -- Essays Papers

Peter Voulkos Ceramist The exhibition of recent stoneware vessels by Peter Voulkos at Frank Lloyd Gallery featured the sort of work on which the artist established reputation in the 1950s. The work was greeted with stunned amazement. However now it is too, but it's amazement of a different order -- the kind that comes from being in the presence of effortless artistic mastery. These astonishing vessels are truly amaising. Every ceramic artist knows that what goes into a kiln looks very different from what comes out, and although what comes out can be controlled to varying degrees, it's never certain. Uncertainty feels actively courted in Voulkos' vessels, and this embrace of chance gives them a surprisingly contradictory sense of ease. Critical to the emergence of a significant art scene in Los Angeles in the second half of the 1950s, the 75-year-old artist has lived in Northern California since 1959 and this was his only second solo show in an L.A gallery in 30 years.†These days, L.A. is recognized as a center for the production of contemporary art. But in the 1950s, the scene was slim -- few galleries and fewer museums. Despite the obscurity, a handful of solitary and determined artists broke ground here, stretching the inflexible definitions of what constitutes painting, sculpture and other media. Among these avant-gardists was Peter Voulkos.† In 1954, Voulkos was hired as chairman of the fledgling ceramics department at the L.A. County Art Institute, now Otis College of Art and Design, and during the five years that followed, he led what came to be known as the "Clay Revolution." Students like John Mason, Paul Soldner, Ken Price and Billy Al Bengston, all of whom went on to become respected artists, were among his foot soldiers in the battle to free clay from its handicraft associations. By the late 1950s, Voulkos had established an international reputation for his muscular fired-clay sculptures, which melded Zen attitudes toward chance with the emotional fervor of Abstract Expressionist painting. Some 20 works -- including five "Stacks" (4-foot-tall sculptures) as well as giant slashed-and-gouged plates and works on paper -- recently went on view at the Frank Lloyd Gallery. This non single show is his first at a Los Angeles gallery in 13 years, although a survey of his work was seen at the Newport Harbor Art Museum (presently carries a different... ... office of Tishman Realty. Despite this two-decade foray into bronze, Voulkos remained committed to pushing the boundaries of possibility in ceramics. From 1979 to 1984, he concentrated on firing plates and then the vessel-shaped "stacks" in an anagama, a Japanese wood-burning kiln. Inspired by the Haniwa figures and Momoyama period ceramics of Japan, Voulkos let the ash and soot from the firing process in the kiln decorate the irregular surface of the clay. "There was a certain kind of casualness about some of the Japanese ceramics that I liked. There can be a big crack in the pot caused by the kiln, and the piece becomes a national treasure," he says. The 1980s brought about a serious personal challenge, however. By mid-decade, he was forced to confront his addiction to cocaine and enter a rehabilitation facility. In 1989, he returned to his ceramic sculpture with a sense of renewed purpose and a more incisive and controlled sense of composition. During the '90s, he has regaine d the confidence in the process. Although retired from UC Berkeley, Voulkos still thrives as a teacher, spending about four months of each year on the road doing seminars. Bibliography: Peter Voulkos